Role of ROS, RNS, IL-6, TNF-alpha, chemokines, acute-phase proteins and prostaglandins in the development of acute odontogenic inflammation
Keywords:
acute odontogenic inflammation, ROS, RNS, IL-6, TNF-alphaAbstract
Inflammation is a complex of reactions that develop in tissues in response to the action of various factors and is essentially a protective immune response that is carried out by the macroorganism against pathogens. Acute odontogenic inflammatory processes are of a bacterial origin, and their development goes through four phases. The innate immune system recognizes a wide range of different pathogens – viruses, bacteria, fungi – through specific receptors, known in the literature as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). If the capabilities of innate immunity prove insufficient to cope with pathogens, the mechanisms of acquired immunity are involved through the activation of T- and B-lymphocytes. The role of cellular and molecular biomarkers is significant, the most important of which are: ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species); DNA derivatives; cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha, as well as chemokines; acute-phase proteins, such as C-reactive protein (CRP); prostaglandins; cyclooxygenase metabolites; growth factors associated with inflammation; and transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B); cells of the immune system.
References
Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2018;9(6):7204-7218.
Hannoodee S, Nasuruddin DN. StatPearls [Internet]. Stat-Pearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Jun 8, 2024. Acute Inflammatory Response.
Abdulkhaleq LA, Assi MA, Abdullah R, et al. The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: A review. Vet World. 201;11(5):627-635.
Schwager S, Detmar M. Inflammation and Lymphatic Function. Front Immunol. 2019;10:308.
Stone WL, Basit H, Zubair M, et al. Pathology, Inflammation. [Updated 2024 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534820/
Clark R, Kupper T. Old meets new: the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity. J Invest Dermatol, 2005;125:629–637.
Takeuchi O, Akira S. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell. 2010;140:805–820.
Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:159–175.
Mittal M, Siddiqui MR, Tran K, et al. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20(7):1126-67.
Waszczak C, Carmody M, Kangasjärvi. Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Signaling. Ann Rev Plant Biol, 2018;69(1):209–236.
Devasagayam TP, Tilak JC, Boloor KK, et al. Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2004; 52: 794–804.
Herb M, Gluschko A, Schramm M. Reactive Oxygen Species: Not Omnipresent but Important in Many Locations. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021; 9 (716406): 716406.
Edreva A. Generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts: a submolecular approach. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2005; 106 (2): 119–133.
Medeiros MH. Exocyclic DNA adducts as biomarkers of lipid oxidation and predictors of disease. Challenges in developing sensitive and specific methods for clinical studies. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009; 22:419–425.
Yin H, Xu L, Porter NA. Free radical lipid peroxidation: mechanisms and analysis. Chem Rev. 2011; 111:5944–5972. doi: 10.1021/cr200084z.
Sunil VR, Shen J, Patel-Vayas K, et al. Role of reactive nitrogen species generated via inducible nitric oxide synthase in vesicant-induced lung injury, inflammation and altered lung functioning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012; 261: 22–30.
Hwa Yun B, Guo J, Bellamri M, Turesky RJ. DNA adducts: Formation, biological effects, and new biospecimens for mass spectrometric measurements in humans. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2020;39(1-2):55-82. doi: 10.1002/mas.21570.
Kay J, Thadhani E, Samson L, Engelward B. Inflammation-induced DNA damage, mutations and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst). 2019;83:102673.
Miller EC. Some current perspectives on chemical carcinogenesis in humans and experimental animals: Presidential Address. Cancer Res. 1978;38:1479–1496.
Thomas DD, Ridnour LA, Isenberg JS, et al. The chemical biology of nitric oxide: implications in cellular signaling. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2008;45(1):18–31.
Lewis RS, Tamir S, Tannenbaum SR, Deen WM. Kinetic analysis of the fate of nitric oxide synthesized by macrophages in vitro. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1995;270(49):29350–5.
Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014;6(10):a016295.
Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T. Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochem J. 1990; 265: 621–636.
Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, et al. IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest. 2004;113: 1271–1276.
Ishibashi T, Kimura H, Shikama Y, et al. Interleukin-6 is a potent thrombopoietic factor in vivo in mice. Blood. 1989;74:1241–1244.
Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, et al. IL-17 and Th17 cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009; 27: 485–517.
Sethi JK, Hotamisligil GS. Metabolic Messengers: tumour necrosis factor. Nat Metab 3. 2021; 1302–1312.
Jang DI, Lee AH, Shin HY, et al. The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) in Autoimmune Disease and Current TNF-α Inhibitors in Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2719.
Zhao Y, Zhang T, Shen X, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha delivers exogenous inflammation-related microRNAs to recipient cells with functional targeting capabilities. Mol Ther. 2022;30(9):3052-3065.
Cairns CB, Panacek EA, Harken AH, Banerjee A. Bench to bedside: tumor necrosis factor-alpha: from inflammation to resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7(8):930-41.
Nehring SM, Goyal A, Patel BC. C Reactive Protein. [Updated 2023 Jul 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441843/
Cleland DA, Eranki AP. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Apr 23, 2023. Procalcitonin.
Jungen MJ, Ter Meulen BC, van Osch T, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers in patients with sciatica: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):156.
Vanderschueren S, Deeren D, Knockaert DC, et al. Extremely elevated C-reactive protein. Eur J Intern Med. 2006;17(6):430-3.
Zhiran Ju, Menglan Li, Junde Xu, et al. Recent development on COX-2 inhibitors as promising anti-inflammatory agents: The past 10 years. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. 2022, 12(6):2790-2807.
Smith WL, DeWitt DL, Garavito RM. Cyclooxygenases: Structural, cellular, and molecular biology. Annu Rev Biochem. 2000;69:145–182. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.145.
Dubois RN, Abramson SB, Crofford L, et al. Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. FASEB J. 1998;12:1063–1073.
Tilley SL, Coffman TM, Koller BH. Mixed messages: modulation of inflammation and immune responses by prostaglandins and thromboxanes. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:15–23.
Hirai H, Tanaka K, Yoshie O, et al. Prostaglandin D2 selectively induces chemotaxis in T helper type 2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils via seven-transmembrane receptor CRTH2. J Exp Med. 2001;193:255–261. doi: 10.1084/jem.193.2.255.
Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 M;31(5):986-1000.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under these terms.
