Myopia – risk factors, prevalence in Bulgarian schools, and prevention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/AMB-2024-0074Keywords:
myopia, progression, prophylaxisAbstract
Myopia is a type of clinical refraction, a form of spherical refractive anomaly in which the eye has a relatively stronger refractive power for the corresponding length of the anteroposterior axis. The focus of this optical system is far in front of the retina. Myopia can be congenital or manifest later, most often at school age. It can be stationary or progressive. Progresive myopia is sight-threatening. The article discusses results from a screening program for myopia progression in Bulgarian schools between 2018-2023. The risk factors for myopia development have been outlined, and the ways of prophylaxis have been pointed out.
References
Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 1036-1042.
Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw S-M. Myopia. Lancet 2012; 379: 1739-1748.
Resnikoff S, Jonas JB, Friedman D, et al. Myopia- a 21st century public health issue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60: Mi-Mii.
Fricke T, Holden B, Wilson D, et al. Global cost of correcting vision impairment from uncorrected refractive error. Bull World Health Org 2012; 90: 728-738.
Wu L, Sun X, Zhou X, et al. Causes and 3-year-incidence of blindness in Jing-An District, Shanghai, China 2001-2009. BMC Ophthalmol 2011; 11: 10.
Flitcroft DI. The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31: 622-660.
Haarman AEG, Enthoven CA, Tideman JWL, et al. The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61: 49.
Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Tsubota K, et al. A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20: 27.
Troilo D, Smith EL III, Nickla DL, et al. IMI-experimental models of emmetropization and myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60: M31-M88.
Tedja MS, Haarman AEG, Meester-Smoor MA, et al. IMImyopia genetics report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60: 89-105.
Wolffsohn JS, Flitcroft DI, Gifford KL, et al. IMI-myopia control reports overview and introduction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60: M1-M17.
Flitcroft DI, He M, Jonas JB, et al. IMI-defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60: M20-M30.
Sorsby A. Refraction and its components in twins. Privy council, Medical research council, Special report series, no. 303. London: HM Stationery Office, 1962, 136-137.
Kepler J. Dioptrice, Agsburg (1611): Cited by Duke-Elder S and Abrams D. Ophthalmic optics and refraction. In: Duke Elder S (ed.) System of ophthalmology. Vol V. London: Henry Kimpton, 1970, 341.
Cohn H. Untersuchungen der Augen von 10060 Schoolkindern nebst Vorschlägen 3 fur Verbesserung der Augen nachtheiligen Schul-Einrichtungen, Leipzig 1867. Cited by Rehm DS. The myopia myth. Ligonier, IN: IMPA, 1981, 57
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ch. Vidinova, A. Koeva (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under these terms.