AUTISM – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Abstract

Introduction: Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) represent a heterogeneous cluster of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by marked impairments in social interaction, qualitative abnormalities in verbal and nonverbal communication, as well as repetitive, stereotyped behavioral patterns and pronounced resistance to change. The present review provides a systematic evaluation of the major etiological determinants implicated in the development of autism. Particular attention is given to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and epidemiological trends, along with the growing need for robust, clinically applicable biomarkers capable of facilitating early and reliable detection. Over the past several decades, the worldwide prevalence of ASD has risen by more than 600%, a trend that can be partly attributed to advances in early symptom recognition, improvements in diagnostic protocols, and ongoing efforts to reduce stigma associated with psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Current evidence indicates no substantial sex-related differences. A multitude of etiological hypotheses have been proposed, encompassing genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and aberrant neurodevelopmental processes affecting brain structure and connectivity. Additional risk factors under investigation include advanced maternal age and multiple gestation pregnancies. The alleged association between childhood vaccination and ASD continues to be discussed in public scientific studies. Conclusion: The identification of early laboratory biomarkers for autism is of critical importance for guiding future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Achieving this goal requires coordinated efforts within multidisciplinary teams.