Impact of the human papillomavirus vaccine on cervical cancer incidence in Europe and Bulgaria: a review of trends
Keywords:
vaccine, effectiveness, cervical cancer, prevention, human papillomavirusAbstract
Cervical cancer (CRC) is a global health problem, characterized by high mortality and disability among the female population. The main etiological factor is a persistent infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). In recent decades, control strategies have included the introduction of prophylactic vaccines, effective screening for the presence of HPV, and recommendations aimed at eliminating cervical cancer. The aim of this review is to analyze the impact of HPV vaccination on cervical cancer incidence in Europe and Bulgaria. A targeted search was conducted in the PubMed databases using keyword-based queries (primarily in English), complemented by a review of publications authored by researchers from Bulgaria. This review summarizes the evidence on the effectiveness of HPV immunization programs in European countries with high vaccination coverage and provides recommendations for their adaptation in Bulgaria. Countries with well-developed systems for early diagnosis and prevention demonstrate significantly lower cervical cancer incidence and mortality. The inclusion of boys in vaccination programs enhances herd immunity, while the introduction of the National Program for Primary Prevention of HPV-Associated Cancer (2025-2030) represents a crucial step toward a comprehensive and effective population protection. General practitioners (play a pivotal role in the success of the national HPV vaccination program through active education, promotion, and administration of the vaccine among adolescents.
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