Preventive practices and behaviour during seasonal influenza in Bulgaria

Abstract

Abstract. Low vaccination coverage and the ease of spread of influenza necessitate the adoption of preventive practices and
responsible behaviour among the population. The goal of this publication is to analyse the anti-epidemic measures applied
and the behaviour patterns present among adults during seasonal influenza in Bulgaria. Materials and methods: The study
was conducted in an online environment during January 2025-April 2025 among 1,038 adult Bulgarian citizens. Results:
Hand washing (80.2%) and wearing masks in healthcare facilities (53.6%) are the leading protective measures. The choice
of anti-epidemic measures depends on social status and perceived risk. Working people are most strict about hygiene and
safety measures in the workplace (p < 0.05). Retirees show the highest level of responsibility in wearing masks, especially in
public settings (p < 0.001) and social isolation (p = 0.001), while students underestimate the risks. The dominant response to
influenza symptoms is to consult a GP (75.7%), followed by self-medication (9.8%). The profile of those who self-medicate is
concentrated in large cities and among the active population (the employed and university students), while in the population
of small towns has a preference towards official medical help. Conclusion: There is a need to improve health literacy among
students, encourage timely consultation with a doctor and strengthen control over self-medication practices.